Social Determinants of Health in Ohio

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Shelby Level

Contents of AHRQ SDOH Database

The Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) database from AHRQ compiles SDOH-related variables across multiple domains from 87 sources including multiple federal and other data sources. The downloadable files contain a total of 675 variables available by year from 2009 through 2020. Data is available across three geography levels: all 675 variables are available by county level, 319 are available by ZIP code, and 321 variables are available by census tract.

These variables are organized into five main categories containing several topics each: social context (demographics, disability, immigration, living conditions), economic context (employment, income, poverty), education (attainment), physical infrastructure (environment, housing, internet, migration, transportation), and healthcare context (characteristics of facilities, characteristics of providers, distance to provider, health insurance status, health outcomes, health care quality, utilization and costs).

Ohio’s Appalachian and Non-Appalachian Counties

Athens County Zip Codes

Athens County Census Tracts

Median Household Income by County

Median Household Income by Zip Code

Median Household Income by Census Tract

SDOH Variables Available at the Census Tract Level

PLACES Data

County Health Rankings Data

Percent of Adults with Diabetes

Ohio Opportunity Index

The Ohio Opportunity Index (OOI) compiles over 34 variables measuring neighborhood conditions and opportunities, known to be associated with health and well-being, from a variety of domains into a single index score. This index score represents the degree of opportunity available at the Census tract level across Ohio (higher value means more opportunity) and can be used to assess overall neighborhood conditions, target interventions, and adjust evaluations for neighborhood-level risk. It can also be used to learn what types of factors are driving opportunity in specific Census tracts.

The OOI variables comprise seven key domains: transportation, education, employment, housing, health, access, and crime. Within each domain, several variables that met validity criteria and were available to cover the entire state at a census tract level were identified.

Construction of the OOI consisted of the following broad steps: 1. Operationalize each measure from original, “raw” data 2. Summarize the measure for each Ohio census tract as a rate, count, or level 3. Standardize each variable, as needed, to yield consistency across measures and domains 4. Synthesize the measures in each domain to create a “domain score” 5. Create an overall Opportunity Index Score by using factor analysis methods to weight the contribution of each domain

Regression methods were used to validate the OOI by testing the association between the OOI domain scores and five health outcomes:

  • Pre-term birth
  • Child severe mental illness
  • Youth asthma
  • Life expectancy
  • All-cause age-adjusted mortality

Ohio Opportunity Index by Census Tract

Ohio Education Index by Census Tract

Ohio Environment Index by Census Tract

Ohio Health Index by Census Tract

Ohio Housing Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index

The Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index (OOI) compiles over 54 variables measuring neighborhood conditions and opportunities, known to be associated with health and well-being, from a variety of domains into a single index score. This index score represents the degree of opportunity available at the Census tract level across Ohio (higher value means more opportunity) and can be used to assess overall neighborhood conditions, target interventions, and adjust evaluations for neighborhood-level risk. It can also be used to learn what types of factors are driving opportunity in specific Census tracts.

The OCOI variables comprise eight key domains: access, children health, criminal justice, education, environment, family stability, housing, and infant health. Within each domain, several variables that met inclusion criteria and were available to cover the entire state at a census tract level were identified.

Construction of the OCOI consisted of the following broad steps: 1. Operationalize each measure from original, “raw” data 2. Summarize the measure for each Ohio census tract as a rate, count, or level 3. Standardize each variable, as needed, to yield consistency across measures and domains 4. Synthesize the measures in each domain to create a “domain score” 5. Create an overall Children’s Opportunity Index Score as the unweighted mean of the 8 domain scores

A time varying version of the OCOI (spanning the two periods ending in 2014 and 2017) was created that incorporates 37 of the 53 variables within the same 8 domains.

The OCOI was validated by testing the association of the OCOI and the domain scores with five health outcomes:

  • Pre-term birth
  • Child severe mental illness
  • Youth asthma
  • Life expectancy
  • All-cause age-adjusted mortality

Ohio Children’s Opportunity Index by Census Tract

Ohio Chilren’s Family Stability Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Housing Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Access Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Education Index by Census Tract

Ohio Children’s Environment Index by Census Tract